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This article first appeared in The Conversation.
With more dog attacks reported in recent weeks, some parents may be wondering about how to keep interactions between kids and dogs safe – and how to keep everyone happy.
A review of hospitalisations due to dog bites in Australia found children under nine years presented most often.
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Dog attacks involving children often involve the family dog or a dog known to the child.
While we need more research around the events leading to these attacks, it’s likely a combination of a series of unfortunate events, rather than an inherently “bad” dog. Any dog can bite.
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Every dog and every child interaction is different, but here are general tips for good interactions and outcomes.
You wouldn’t run up and hug a stranger in the street – let’s not do it to dogs.
It is vital children learn how to approach dogs safely.
Children should always stop a few metres from a dog they want to pat and ask the responsible person for permission, before also asking the dog.
You can ask dogs if they want a pat by remembering “pat, pet, pause”.
Children (and adults) should pat, pet, pause in every interaction with a dog – even the family dog.
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Not all dogs are used to kids.
Some dogs may be very social and friendly, but not know how to interact with children safely.
Keep social, friendly dogs on-lead or use a play pen (or fence) to keep both dogs and children safe.
Use lots of tasty treats to reinforce the dog for keeping four paws on the floor.
Things can escalate quickly if children get excited or if a dog starts zooming around.
Keeping interactions short (and supervised) reduces the chance of somebody being hurt.
Be very careful with very large or heavy breeds and young children who can get knocked over easily.
Dogs communicate well, if we learn to listen.
Dogs show signs of fear by moving away, cowering or tucking their tail between their legs.
If they flick their ears back, turn their head away or close their mouths it means they’re not comfortable.
If we miss these signs, a dog might growl or even bite.
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A wagging tail doesn’t always mean a dog is happy – “good” wags are mid-height, slow(ish), with a relaxed body.
Dogs also wag high when tense, or very low when very nervous (both signs to say “hi” from a distance).
Research shows young children find it difficult to identify dog body language – signs of fear or stress – although older children can increase this knowledge with education.
It’s up to adults to supervise, watch both dog and child closely, and stop the interaction if the dog or child isn’t coping.
It’s important never to punish a dog for growling.
Growling is serious (especially around children) and needs to be addressed quickly with careful management and training. However, it is clear communication.
Punishing a growl stops the growl, but not the underlying discomfort (or fear) behind it.
This means a dog might not give any warning before biting.
Ignoring signs of stress or fear, or finding it funny, puts everybody at risk.
Stop the interaction immediately and contact a qualified, experienced dog trainer.
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Dogs in their bed, or eating, need their own space. These are dogs’ safe zones – kids should not approach.
Kids also need a “safe” space or time away from the dogs (for example, in their bedroom).
Just because a dog is in public doesn’t mean it’s comfortable with strangers approaching.
Even if a dog is walking with children, they may not want to meet new children.
Always ask the owner of the dog. If the dog is tied up in front of a shop (or you can’t see their parent), say hello another day.
Sometimes pet parents feel pressure to ensure their dog says “hi” to children, but always listen to the dog, and feel empowered to say no to pats from children.
It won’t hurt to miss this one interaction, and offers a learning opportunity for kids to respect the space of animals.
Petra Edwards is a PhD researcher at the University of Adelaide and Susan Hazel is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Animal and Veterinary Science at the University of Adelaide
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